Mike - I should also add as a reminder about difficulty in repleting optimal stores of magnesium, these potential interferences clips from the
Magnesium Absorption and Assimilation report
2. Health of the gut wall or intestinal transfer area
(Mg transfer or intestinal absorption can be decreased, impaired or blocked by inflammation, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), intestinal mucosal diseases such as celiac, Crohn’s, pancreatic insufficiency, blocked intestinal villi, Candida albicans overgrowth, inflammatory reactions due to gluten/gliaden/casein proteins, vitamin D deficiency; and frequently, formation of insoluble magnesium soaps in the stool due to complexing of magnesium with unabsorbed fats,… and obviously, in the case of surgical bowel resection).
3. Outer cell membrane status (cell envelope or phospholipids layer) affecting Mg receptor sites
(When the cell envelope becomes stiff, hard, crimped and damaged from saturated and trans fat accumulations, that rigid membrane affects receptor site function and prevent nutrients from access or entry inside cells….frequently seen in insulin resistant and diabetic patients who have dysglycemia because they don’t have enough magnesium to manage glucose efficiently). If the nutrient can't get in, it can’t work.
5. Wasters and/or high utilizers of magnesium
(Some genetic issues or errors in metabolism cause Mg wasting; includes selected inheritable disorders - Barters and Gittleman’s or congenital renal magnesium wasting; primary and secondary aldosteronism; high Mg requirements (diabetics) and heavy exercisers with high activity levels, and gene flaws specific to AF. Exercise can increase the metabolic demand for certain minerals – magnesium and zinc most prevalent. Urinary Mg loss can increase by up to 30% following a session of strenuous exercise. Exercise when magnesium deficient can be dangerous. Stress-induced MgD includes exercise and free radical generation.)
6. Interferences from food, drugs, alcohol, hormones, other supplements
(Frequent consumption of alcohol, coffee, food components ie, phytates, phosphorous, fiber, saturated fats, tannins, polyphenols can block or decrease mineral absorption. Antacids, anti-inflammatories, antibiotics, diuretics, or hormone replacement can cause considerable depletion of magnesium. Digoxin, Amiodarone and Betapace (sotalol) are known depleters of Mg.(4) High-dose calcium supplements compete as do calcium-containing antacids like Tums; consuming large quantities of caffeine and alcohol can deplete magnesium – ie, diuretic effect.)
7. Hypokalemia
(Low potassium levels can increase urinary magnesium excretion)
8.Taurine insufficiency – renal wasting
(Taurine spares magnesium globally – Mg wasting can result from taurine insufficiency.) (Genova
Diagnostics)
9. Magnesium can be lost from both the kidneys and intestine.
(A large factor is “volume diarrhea” but would also include laxative abuse and alcoholism.)
10. Body size
(Depending on the size of the individual, the larger the magnesium pool in the body, the lower the
magnesium absorption, regardless of the source)
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Today, with the emphasis on the health of the Microbiome, it makes sense to pay attention to anything that would imbalance or offset the beneficial bacteria in the GI tract to be sure that the nutrients one takes in actually can reach target cells. The intestinal lumen or portals that allow the transfer of nutrients from food to blood depend on aid from the microbiome to maintain healthy intestinal cells. Additionally, once the nutrients are delivered to target cells, the next challenge is gaining access to inside the cell so the cell's outer envelope...phospholipid layer needs to be healthy and functional as well.
DISCUSSION -- ABSORPTION
Bioavailability means how readily and easily it is absorbed across the gut lumen or intestinal wall and ultimately becomes available for biological activity in your cells and tissues. Another important factor for consideration is when using higher doses (therapeutic) amounts, what might be the side effects of elevated amounts of the ligand itself; i.e., citrate in the case of Mg citrate or chloride, in the case of Mg chloride. (Hyperchloremia is an electrolyte imbalance and is indicated by a high level of chloride in the blood. The normal adult value for chloride is 97-107 mEq/L. Inability of the kidneys to process or regulate excess chloride may be an important factor in some individuals.)
An understanding of nutrient metabolism is helpful. Nutrient molecules are bound together with other molecules and these are called ligands; ie, chloride, citrate, glycinate…in some forms of magnesium. True chelated bonds are strong. Non-chelated bonds are typically loose and break apart easily. Very simplistically, water, food and various beverages consumed pass to the stomach where they are mixed with digestive enzymes and stomach acid. Along with the food comes chemical additives, preservatives, pesticide residues and impurities and chemicals in water. Various molecules arrive in one form, are dissociated or broken apart and are free to combine with other molecules where they can become an entirely different compound. In the stomach, everything becomes a chemical soup (chyme). Eventually, everything passes out of the stomach to the small intestine, (duodenum, jejunum and ileum), the major sites of absorption where competition begins for access into the blood (and ultimately inside cells). Each component must have a carrier protein to facilitate crossing the intestinal lumen at the sites of absorption. Competition is high for carrier proteins. Various food components such as phytates, lignans, fats, tannins, phosphorous, polyphenols and fiber will prevent, block or bind to elements and can either prevent or limit varying amounts absorbed into the blood where nutrients and other chemical compounds access entry into cells. Proteins may be in short supply as carriers. Many nutrients do manage to get through but not always nearly as much as one might think or in forms that are not useful so the amount consumed may not actually be absorbed.
In the case of non-chelated compounds and/or pseudo chelated compounds, when they break apart in the stomach and finally reach the absorption sites in the in gut wall, they have the same competition for carrier proteins etc. However, the true amino acid chelate form quickly flows through the gut wall – intact, because it already has the protein carrier in the chelated amino acid form and needs no further chemical reaction. The glycine amino acid chelate is a very small amino acid molecule so it flows through quickly and easily.
Many veteran afibbers experimenting with magnesium supplementation have successfully combined a variety of forms… the topical magnesium chloride oil, magnesium citrate used in laxatives, magnesium gluconate, magnesium bicarbonate as in the Waller Water, older forms like Slo Mag (Mg chloride plus calcium), Epsom Salts soaks (magnesium sulfate)…and newer forms including malic acid; and this is, of course, fine, as the only goal we seek is to achieve and sustain normal sinus rhythm (NSR). What works for one person, may not work at all for another. Since the true Albion chelated form offers the best chance of reaching the target cells intact, it makes sense to try that form first.
A 2007 research paper “Intestinal Inflammation caused by Magnesium Deficiency” indicates significant functional changes in the small intestine and in remote organs as well as increased sensitivity to oxidative stress. From testimonials offered on the BB, we know well how intestinal disturbances cause various conditions leading to afib and the subclinical inflammation factor is well known with vagus nerve irritation as well.(5)
Some reports indicate magnesium citrate is highly bioavailable, but it’s also known this form does not stay in tissues for long. It’s used in the citric acid cycle or Kreb’s cycle and is typically shunted out of the body quickly. It also has the laxation effect.
When compared to magnesium citrate, magnesium bisglycinate is half as reactive (hypoacidity) when taken on an empty stomach (600 mg Mg/day) and more bioavailable based on classic symptoms of hypomagnesmia.
According to the National Institutes of Health, the
form of magnesium is just as important as how much magnesium you're getting. Cheaper forms, such as Oxide and Chloride, are poorly absorbed and quickly excreted from your body.
Source: [
www.afibbers.org]
Jackie